Which of the following battles led to the Confederates losing control of the Mississippi River cutting the Confederacy in two? 2024

Xem Which of the following battles led to the Confederates losing control of the Mississippi River cutting the Confederacy in two? 2024

Many consider July 4, 1863 to be the turning point of the American Civil War. Two important, famous, well-documented battles resulted in Confederate defeats: the Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania), July 1-3, and the Fall of Vicksburg (Mississippi), July 4. However, two other major, lesser-known events resulted in two additional Confederate defeats. Both losses, one in Tennessee and one in Arkansas, were influenced by the Vicksburg Campaign.

In central Tennessee, Maj. Gen. William
S. Rosecrans, leading the United States Army of the Cumberland, faced Gen. Braxton Bragg’s Confederate Army of Tennessee. In early May 1863, the federal government feared that Bragg might send reinforcements to Vicksburg. To preclude this from happening, Rosecrans was ordered to begin an offensive in an attempt to tie down Confederate troops.

In late June, Rosecrans moved southeast from Murfreesboro with five corps, totaling approximately 65,000 men. Bragg deployed four corps, totaling
about 44,000 men, behind a ridge line called the Highland Rim, covering the avenues of approach to Chattanooga and its rail hub. Though no large set-piece battle occurred, Rosecrans’ skillful maneuvering through four passes and around Confederate flanks, forced Bragg southeastward to Tullahoma, then Decherd and finally across the Tennessee River July 4. The Tullahoma Campaign resulted in the Union conquest of central Tennessee.

Historians find it interesting to note that Union technology
played a role in the campaign with several mounted infantry units being equipped with the seven-shot Spencer Repeating Rifle.

The rifle’s inventor, Christopher Spencer, gained an audience with President Abraham Lincoln, who subsequently invited him to a shooting match and demonstration of the weapon. Impressed with the rifle, Lincoln ordered be produced for the Union Army in 1863.

In its first combat test, Spencer-armed Union troops under the command of Col. John Wilder earned the
nickname “Lightning Brigade” when they defeated a numerically superior Confederate force at the Battle of Hoover’s Gap, Tenn., June 24, 1863. One week later, Spencer rifles again saw action in the hands of troopers of the 5th Michigan Cavalry Regiment of Gen. George Armstrong Custer’s brigade at the Battle of Gettysburg.

With the new weapon, a rifleman could shoot up to 14 rounds per minute as opposed to three rounds per minute with the traditional muzzle-loading musket.

At Helena,
Ark., Maj. Gen. Benjamin Prentiss commanded about 4,000 Union troops assigned to the District of Eastern Arkansas. Earlier in June 1863, Prentiss had 16,000 troops siphoned off from his command to assist in the Vicksburg Campaign. This situation pleased Lt. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes, commanding general of the Confederate District of Arkansas. He had about 7,000 men, organized in three divisions, to attack Helena in an attempt to take some pressure off Vicksburg.

Helena was situated 230
miles north of Vicksburg on the west bank of the Mississippi River. Just to the west of the town was Fort Curtis, an earthen bastion. Additionally, four batteries of artillery were placed on hills in a semi-circle. Floating close to the riverbank was the USS Tyler, a paddlewheel steamer armed with one rifled gun and six smoothbore cannon.

On the morning on July 4, Holmes launched an uncoordinated attack, bereft of reconnaissance and intelligence. The three divisions attacked from the
northwest, west and southwest. The battle was a Confederate disaster. Only one of the artillery batteries was taken, but Fort Curtis blunted any further advance. The USS Tyler provided naval gunfire support, lobbing over 400 rounds. Confederate dead, wounded, missing and captured (1,636) equaled approximately 20 percent of the attacking force. Union losses were 239.

The Battle of Helena, coupled with the loss of Vicksburg, signaled the end of major Confederate operations in Arkansas, now
cut off from the eight states east of the Mississippi River.

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First Battle of Bull Run

First Battle of Bull Run by Kurz & Allison

Known in the north as the Battle of Bull Run and in the South as the Battle of Manassas, this battle,
fought on July 21 1861 in Virginia was the first major battle of the Civil War. It was a Confederate victory. (A year later there was a second battle fought in the area known as the Second Battle of Bull Run or Second Manassas depending of the side describing it. The second Battle of Bull Run was fought in August 28-30 1862 and was also a defeat for Union forces though it was not as total as the first one.)

Shiloh

Battle of Shiloh by Thure de Thulstrup

Fought on April 6-7 1862, the Battle of Shiloh was a defeat for Confederate forces in southwestern Tennessee. The results of the battle was the failure of Confederate forces to prevent Union forces from advancing
into Mississippi River Valley.

Antietam

The Battle of Antietam by Kurz & Allison

Known in the north as the Battle of Antietam and in the south as the Battle of
Sharpsburg, this battle fought on September 17 1862 in Maryland was the bloodiest battle ever fought in the history of the United States with a loss of 22,717. The battle, fought between the forces of Confederate Robert E. Lee and Union General George McClellan ended in the widthdrawal of Lee’s forces from the field so it is counted as a Union victory but the refusal of McClellan to pursue and destroy Lee’s army when he had the chance to do so are seen as a massive failure that allowed the war
to continue. The immediate aftermath of the battle was enough of a victory to give President Lincoln the confidence to release the Emancipation Proclamation which declared an end to slavery in Confederate territory.

Emancipation Proclamation

Made
possible by the Union victory at Antietam and issued on January 1 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order of President Lincoln that emancipated (e.g. freed) all slaves in the states still in rebellion against the Federal government. It did not apply to slaves in border states that had remained loyal to the Union including Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware. Though the proclamation was not applicable until Confederate territory was retaken by Union forces, the order
shifted the goal of war from simply reunifying the Union to eliminating slavery.

Vicksburg

Siege of Vicksburg by Kurz and Allison

The Battleof Vicksburg, fought from May 18-July 4th 1863
was a major siege in the western theatre of operations that together with the Battle of Gettysburg (which was fought at the same time in the East) was considered a major turning point in the Civil War. The capture of Vicksburg ultimately led to the Confederacy being split into two, cutting off the western Confederate states of Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas from the rest of the Confederacy.

Chancellorsville

Battle of Chancellorsville by Kurz and Allison

Fought from April 20 – May 6 1863 the Battle of Chancellorsville was one of the major battle of the Civil War and was considered to be Robert E. Lee’s “perfect battle” because his decisions
ultimately led to a Confederate victory. The aftermath of the battle was mixed however for the Confederates as southern General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was accidentally killed by friendly fire.

Gettysburg

The
Battle of Gettysburg by Thure de Thulstrup

Fought from July 1-3 1863, The Battle of Gettysburg was one of the most famous battles of the Civil War and together with the Battle of Vicksburg (which was fought at the same time in the west) considered a turning point in the war itself. It marks the last attempt of the Confederates under General Robert E. Lee to invade the north and move the conflict out from the area of Virginia.

The Gettysburg Address

The Gettysburg Address, a speech given by President Lincoln on November 19 1863 when visiting the dedication of a Cemetery in Pennsylvania in the aftermath of the Battle of Gettysburg. It is considered to be one of the most famous
and important speeches ever given in American history.

(Note: The opening of the speech starts with, “Four score and seven years ago”; a score is 20 years so the amount of time Lincoln is refering to is 87 years from when he is speaking which would be the year 1776.)

Battle Of The Wilderness

Battle of the Wilderness by Kurz and Allison

Fought from May 5-7th 1864, the Battle of the Wilderness was the first time that the armies of Union General Ulysses Grant and Confederate General Robert E. Lee met in battle with both of them in charge at the same time. The battle was
ultimately inconclusive and was only the beginning of a long series of bloody battles that would be fought between the two Generals.

Battle of Cold Harbor

Battle of Cold Harbor by Kurz and
Allison

Fought from May 31 to June 12 1864, the Battle of Cold Harbor was the last major victory by Confederate General Robert E. Lee. The battle was bloody and ended with massive Union casualties.

Battle of Atlanta

Ruins of Atlanta Union Depot after burning by Sherman’s troops in 1864

The Battle of Atlanta was fought on July 22 1864 though the city of Atlanta did not fall to Union forces until September 2nd. The fall of Atlanta marked the beginning of General William Tecumseh
Sherman’s March to the Sea. It also had a major political effect in the Union election of 1864. In that campaign, Democrat George McClellan ran against Republican President Lincoln on a the platform of negotiating peace with the Confederacy. The capture of Atlanta gave Lincoln enough of a boost in the polls that he was able to be reelected, something that was in doubt before the fall of the city.

March to the Sea

Destruction of Charleston 1864

The March to the Sea was the campaign of total war waged by General WIlliam Tecumseh Sherman following the capture and burning of Atlanta. From November 15 to December 21st 1864 Sherman and his forces marched through
Georgia, destroying everything in their path to disrupt the southern economy and transportation networks. After the capture of Savannah, Sherman and his forces rested and then continued their march up the coast through the Carolina’s. His march in the Carolina’s ended when Sherman accepted the surrender of Confederate General Joseph Johnston on April 26 1865.

Appomattox Courthouse

Robert E Lee Surrendering to US Grant at Appomattox 1865

Fought on April 9 1865, the final battle between the forces of General Ulysses Grant and General Robert E Lee was the Battle of Appomattox Court House. Lee had spent the previous year defending Richmond but
decided at this point to try and move south to link up with other Confederate forces. He was forced to retreat to Appomattox Court House by Union forces and in the end had no choice but to surrender. The documents signalling surrender were signed on April 9 and an official ceremony was held on April 12th disbanding the Army of Nothern Virginia that Lee had commanded. The effect of this was to end the war in Virginia and to trigger a wave of surrenders across remaining Confederate territory. The
surrender at Appomattox Court House marked the end of the Civil War.

Grant was generous in his terms; he allowed for the surrendering Confederates to keep their sidearms and horses, imprisioned no one, and supplied Lee’s army with food rations. Furthermore Grant forbade his own forces from celebrating their victory over the Confederates.

What two battles were fought over control of the Mississippi River?

When did the Confederacy lose control of the Mississippi River?

What Battle broke the Confederacy in two?

Who won Vicksburg Battle?

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