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English for Finance II Revision.
Part 1: Concepts & Definition (định nghĩa & khái niệm)
Unit 1: Banking (Nghiệp vụ ngân hàng):
Table 1: Type of Financial Institution/Intermediary (Các loại hình tổ chức tài chính/trung gian tài chính) :
( Lưu ý: trong ngoặc thể hiện các lựa chọn khác nhau có thể sử dụng khi làm bài định nghĩa)
Notes: depository institution: tgtc nhận tiền gửi; contractual institution: tgtc theo hợp đồng; investment institution: tgtc đầu tư.
N
o.
Type of financial
institution (loại hình tổ
chức tài chính )
Definition
(Định nghĩa)
Type of
customers/clients(loại
hình khách hàng)
Services provided (dịch vụ
cung cấp)
1 Retail Bank( ngân hàng
bán lẻ)
A retail bank is a (bank/financial
institution/depository institution) providing
(banking/financial) services to
(individuals/individual customers/personal
customers) such as (- cái này nêu cũng đc,
ko nêu cũng chả sao)
– Individuals
(students, doctors,
families, )
– Non-profit
organizations
– Accounts (savings &
current)
– Cards (credit-debit-
ATM)
– Loans (có thể chia theo 2
cách):
* By purpose of using:
educational (vay đi học),
expenditure (vay chi
dùng),
* By characteristics:
personal, mortgages,
overdraft.
– Transfers & Payments:
cash and non-cash
payments ( checks, cards,
direct debit, standing
order)
– Insurance
– Foreign Exchange
2 Commercial (or
Wholesale) Bank
A commercial bank is a (bank/financial
institution/depository institution) providing
(banking/financial) services to (small and
medium enterprises-SMEs/ business
customers/businesses) such as ()
– Businesses/business
customers( lưu ý: từ
businesses để số
nhiều cũng có nghĩa
là doanh nghiệp)
– SMEs (doanh
nghiệp vừa và nhỏ)
– Property leasing
– Factoring
– Loans (mostly long-term
and big loans)
– Accounts
– Payments
– Tailored products
– Financial advisory
3 Investment Bank An investment bank is a (bank/financial
institution/investment institution) providing
(banking/financial) services to international
and corporate customers such as ()
– Large international
companies
– Corporations
– Large-scale
organizations
(governments, )
– Stockbroking
– M&A (Mergers &
Acquisitions)
– Special Advisory
services
4 Building society A building society is a mutual financial (and
depository) institution providing financial
services to ordinary customers, including
savings & mortgages.
– Ordinary &
personal customers
– Savings & mortgages
5 Supermarket bank A supermarket bank is a supermarket
providing financial services to its customers
from retail shops, along with traditional
buying and selling services.
– Individual
customers
– Loans, cards, electronic
payments.
6 Virtual/Online/Internet
Bank
A virtual bank is a bank providing financial
services to its customers through the
Internet.
– All kinds of
customer.
– All kinds of financial
service.
1 số điều cần lưu ý khác:
Universal Bank= Commercial + Investment Bank (có thể có cả Retail Bank)
Ngoài ra còn có thể hỏi thêm 1 số tổ chức tài chính trung gian khác như:
1. Insurance company/Insurer: a financial (contractual) institution providing protection for customers properties, life, business,
against risks.
2. Pension fund: a financial (contractual) institution providing financial assurance for customers when theyre retired.
3. Hedge fund: a financial and investment institution that operates with extreme caution and uses various methods to limit the losses
on its investment.
4. Merger is a legal combination/consolidation of two or more business entities into one larger company/corporations
5. Acquisition (or takeover) refers to the purchase of one company by another company/business entity.
6. Factoring: a way of financing using Accounts Receivables as a collateral/guarantee to obtain a loan from a bank/financial
institution.
7. Tailored products: a pack of financial services designed with fixed terms & conditions to suit the specific financial needs of a
customer.
8. Leasing: the exchange of money for the use of a fixed asset for an agreed amount of time without buying it.
9. Asset finance: refers to ways of financing using assets listed on balance sheet (inventories, accounts receivable,) to obtain a
quick loan from the bank/financial institution.
Table 2: Banking divisions (phòng ban ngân hàng):
No. Name of division Functions & Services
1 Personal Finance – Providing financial services to individuals and families.
– Services: payments, savings, insurance, accounts, loans.
2 Wealth Management – Providing financial & investment services to wealthy individuals and businesses
– Services: portfolio management, tax planning, stock broking
3 Business and commercial – Providing financial services and financing methods to businesses and SMEs
– Services: property leasing (or leasing), factoring, advisory, accounts, payments,
tailored products, loans.
4 Corporate and
Institutional
– Serving the financial needs of large international (companies/corporations) and
governmental organizations.
– Services: debt & equity financing, risk management, advisory services, investment
services.
5 Group services – Managing inside operations of a financial institution, including research &
development, property portfolio, technical problems (phân biệt cái portfolio này với
cái portfolio ở trên, 1 cái là danh mục đầu tư vào các tổ chức khác, 1 cái là danh mục
tài sản của chính tổ chức).
Unit 2: Stock markets (TTCK):
Table 1: Characteristics of a stock market (các đặc trưng của 1 thị trường chứng khoán):
Stock
Market (or Equity
market): The place
where the ownership
of shares is exchange
between participants
in return for money or
other kinds of
securities.
Market Participants
(Thành phần tham gia thị
trường)
– Investors:
* Retail investors: individual investors who are inexperienced,
ill-informed and shaky.
* Professional (or institutional) investors: experienced, well-
informed and stable investors. They are hedge funds,
insurance companies, pension funds, investment banks, financial
companies, securities companies, etc
– Market regulators: organizations who set the regulations in
the stock market and protect investors from fraudulence.
– Brokers: people or institutions (investment banks, brokerage
firms) who connect buyers and sellers on the stock markets.
– Market maker: a firm who is both buyer and seller on the
stock markets.
Activities on the Stock
Markets
– Initial Public Offering (IPO): a process of selling shares in a
public listed company to investors for the first time.
– Rights issue: the issue of rights to buy additional shares to a
companys existing shareholders.
– Underwriting: the process by which the investment bank will
raise capital on behalf of organizations that issue securities.
– Brokerage: the process of matching buyers and sellers on the
stock market in order to profit from matching fee.
– Securities quotation: the latest price at which securities are
traded.
Securities (3 categories:
* Equities: stocks, certificate
of investment funds.
* Debt: loans, mortgages,
bonds,
* Derivatives: swap, options,
forwards, futures, )
– Shares (UK) or stocks (US): a certificate of capital
contribution of an investor in a company. An individual or
organization owns shares in a company is called shareholder.
* Rights of a common (or ordinary) shareholder: receiving
dividends, voting at AGM ( Annual General Meeting)
– Preferred shares: a certificate of capital contribution with the
rights to receive dividends before common shareholders, but
their owners are not allowed to vote at AGMs.
– Bonds: a certificate of debt obligation by which the issuer (the
borrower) will pay the buyer (the lender) a fixed amount of
money plus interest at the maturity date.
– Derivatives: financial contracts with values depending on
another entities ( assets, securities, )
Another characteristics – Index (pl: indices): the average value of top 100 (200, 250,
500,) shares listed on the stock market.
– Market capitalization (or market cap.): The total value of
shares issued by a public listed company, calculated on market
price.
– Capital increase: refers to any methods used by corporations
or public traded companies to raise capital, including rights
issue or secondary offering.
– Bullish investors (or bull): investors who expect the shares
price to go up in the future. (or optimistic investors)
– Bullish market: the stock market with the main trend is
upward.
– Bearish investors (or bear): investors who expect the shares
price to fall in the future (or pessimistic investors)
– Bearish market: a stock market with the main trend is
downward.
– Day trader: an investor who buys and sells shares quickly.
– Rogue trader: an investor who intends to make risky
investment in return for huge profit.
– Dividend: part of a companys profit distributed to
shareholders.
– Retained Earnings: part of a companys profit kept to further
development.
– Macro data: the data at macro level( inflation rate,
unemployment figures, legal, .)
– Micro data: refers to the performance of a company.
Unit 3: Accountancy (Accounting) & Auditing.
Table 1: Accountancy (or accounting):
(lưu ý: những gì cần học t sẽ bôi đen, còn lại thì để tham khảo):
Type of accounting ( or financial accounting) – Financial accounting: the branch of
accounting that concentrates on a
companys financial performance,
including changes in assets, liabilities,
Accounting
: the
systematic
process of
recognizing,
recording
and
reflecting
financial
transaction
equity, as well as its profitability.
– Management accounting: the branch of
accounting that concentrates on a
companys in-house activities to support
managers on decision-making.
Tools of accounting – Double-entry system: an accounting
system by which the accountant debit one
or more accounts and credit another one
or more accounts with the same amount.
– Bookkeeping: the process of recording
day-to-day financial transactions ( sales,
purchases, payments, )
– General journal (sổ nhật kí chung): is
where the double-entry bookkeeping
entries are recorded.
– Ledgers: a book or file recording and
summarizing transactions by accounts,
with a beginning balance and ending
balance for each account. (beginning
balance: dư đầu kì, ending balance: số dư
cuối kì).
Assets: everything that a company owns ( định nghĩa ngắn gọn)
– Assets : the economic resource that a company possess and
can be used to produce economic value in the future.
Assets = Current assets + Fixed assets +
Intangible assets.
* Current assets (ts ngắn hạn): including
– Cash (tiền mặt)
– Cash equivalents (khoản tương đương
s of a
company.
tiền
– Short-term investment (đầu tư ngắn
hạn)
– Accounts receivable (khoản phải thu =
debtor): a category of assets representing
the amount of money owed by a
company’s customers on the sale of
products or credit.
– Inventories (hàng tồn kho)
– Unfinished products: hh sản xuất dở
dang
– Finished products: thành phẩm
– Material: nguyên vật liệu
– Tools: ccdc
* Fixed assets (ts dài hạn/ts cố định) =
machines ( máy móc ) + premises ( bất
động sản ) + depreciation ( khấu hao) +
long-term investment ( đầu tư dài hạn )
* Intangible assets (ts vô hình)
Liabilities: debt obligations that arises from past transaction and
must be paid by a companys resources.
Nợ phải trả ( liabilities ) = tax ( thuế –
gồm import-export tax , value added tax
on imported goods – thuế gtgt trên hàng
nhập khẩu , ) + short-term & long-term
loans ( nợ ngắn-dài hạn ) + accounts
payable ( khoản phải trả ) + bonds
issuing( phát hành trái phiếu ) ,
Owners equity: calculated by a companys assets minus its liabilities.
Costs & Income:
Costs: the value of money used to produce something.
Revenue: the economic value that a company produce in a specific
amount of time.
Costs: Costs ( chi phí ) = historical
( purchasing ) costs ( chi phí hàng bán –
chi phí giá gốc ) + operating costs ( chi
phí sản xuất ) + managing costs ( chi phí
quản lý ) + selling costs ( chi phí bán hàng
) + other costs ( chi phí khác )
Revenue ( thu nhập ) = sales ( doanh thu )
+ investment income ( doanh thu từ đầu tư
tài chính ) – discount ( giảm giá ) + other
income ( doanh thu khác )
Principals & Assumption: Principals (nguyên tắc kế toán)
1. Consistency: A company should use
the same accounting method unless
theres a better method to follow.
2. Prudent :
– The carefulness in assessing a
companys assets (định nghĩa của cô
Phương Lan)
– An accounting principal that makes sure
assets and income are not overstated,
liabilities and costs are not understated
(nguyên tắc kế toán đảm bảo rằng tài sản
và lợi nhuận không bị đánh giá quá cao,
nợ phải trả và chi phí không bị đánh giá
quá thấp)
3. Objectivity ( tính khách quan)
4. Full Disclosure ( công khai)
5. Accrual (cơ sở dồn tích)
6. Comparable ( có thể so sánh )
7. Integrated ( đầy đủ )
Assumptions ( giả định kế toán):
1. Going concern: a business entity (or
company) is in good financial condition
and able to do business in the future.
2. Economic entity: accounting records
reflect the financial activities of a
business or organization, not its owners or
employees.
3. Periodicity ( or accounting period)
4. Monetary Unit ( or money
measurement)
Accounts & Statements Accounts: 2 sets: Financial Accounts
Management Accounts.
1. Management accounts: the set of
accounts created for providing
information for business management.
2. Statutory Financial Accounts:
including 3 main statements:
– Balance sheet (or Statement of
Financial Position): a summary of a
companys financial aspects, including
assets, liabilities and owners equity.
– Income statement (or Profit and loss
accounts in UK): a financial document
showing a companys revenues and
expenses over a specific period.
– Cash flow statement (or Statement of
Cash flows): a financial statement
showing changes in a companys cash and
cash equivalents.
Documents and billing records: 1. Issued by purchaser:
– Purchase order: an internal documents
listing items to buy and signed by an
authorized purchaser.
– Good received notes: issued after the
goods are checked for damage or wrong
delivery ( signed by purchaser)
2. Issued by supplier:
– Delivery note: details the items
delivered and signed by the purchaser as
proof of delivery.
– Sales invoices: issued to the purchaser
(and also signed by the purchaser)
requesting payment and describing all
items purchased.
– Credit note: issued if the purchaser
return any items as defective goods or
wrong order.
– Statement of account: gives the client a
summary of all their purchase for the
month and the amount owned.
– Remittance advice: used if supplier
requesting payment by cheques/checks.
– Cash receipt: issued to confirm
payments (signed by the purchaser).
Note:
Invoice vs Receipt:
Invoice and Receipt are used to track payment amount, calculate taxes and discount. But Invoice is used to notify customers of
payments owed, while receipt is used as confirmation of payments made.
Table 2: Auditing
Steps of an audit: 1. Defining the scope of the audit:
– Interviews with top management.
Auditing: the process of
assessing a companys internal
control and financial position
for specific purposes.
– Making plans and setting up timetable
for the audit.
2. Examining accounting system:
– Comparing figures recorded in financial
accounts with figures in books and
ledgers.
– Accessing companys books and bank
statements
3. Examining internal controls:
– Checking the rule book which explain
the systems
– Examining real documents ( invoices &
purchasing documents)
4. Proceeding substantive tests:
– Checking companys fixed assets,
including stocks (or inventories),
machinery, premises.
5. Collecting information, making total
assessment, and writing the letter to
management
6. Final meeting with management to
discuss responses, including systems
changing plans.
7. Signing off the audit report.
Other concepts 1. Substantive test: a physical
examination of a companys assets to
check for misstatement or fraudulence.
2. True and fair view: a companys
financial statements truly reflect its
financial position.
3. Signing off: to conclude the auditing
process.
4. Qualified opinion: is given when the
auditor finds the misstatement or
fraudulence in a companys activities; or
when the auditing process is uncompleted
due to lack of necessary information.
5. Unqualified opinion: given when the
auditor states that a companys financial
statements give a true and fair view of
its financial position.
6. Tax planning: taking the advantages
from lower tax rate by expanding the
business offshore.
7. Tax avoidance: taking advantages
from lower tax rate to reduce the amount
of payable tax without doing business
offshore.
8. Internal auditor: an individual or
organization working independently and
responsible for checking a company’s
financial position, as well as internal
control. They are usually appointed by
managers.
9. External auditor: an individual or
organization usually appointed by legal
entity, government entity or shareholders
to inspect a company’s financial position
and statements.
Mẫu 1 số bài Bank profile:
Bài số 1:
Standard Chartered PLC is a multi-national, banking and financial services company, headquartered in London, United
Kingdom. It now serves the financial needs of around 41 million customers worldwide, with a network of over 1700 branches
with 89058 employees across 70 countries. By reaching the market capitalization of 59 billion US$ at the end of 2012, its
currently the 4th largest bank and 13th biggest public listed company in the world.
Standard Chartered activities consist of 3 major sectors: Consumer Banking, Wholesale Banking and Islamic Banking. Its
tailored products are suitable for developing countries in Asia and Africa, as well as demanding markets in the Middle East.
That explains why 90% and 78% of Standard Chartered profits and clients come from these three regions. Some financial
services of Standard Chartered are recognized globally, including SMEs banking, Global Corporates and Islamic Banking.
Standard Chartered is one of several banks in the world following sustainable and consistent growth policy. Its profit and income
have increased for 10 consecutive years since 2002, reached 6876 and 19071 million US$ respectively in 2012. Standard
Chartered shares are also considered to be among the most attractive shares in the London Stock Exchange, with the average
dividend per share of 84 cents.
In the near future, Standard Chartered wishes to become worlds No.1 bank. To achieve this goal, it will concentrate on building
more long-term and deep relationships with clients and customers. Developing Internet and Mobile Banking services is also
one of its most important priorities. And last but not least, Standard Chartered will try its best to maintain its distinctive
business culture.
Bài số 2:
HSBC is the currently the worlds largest banking and financial services provider, headquartered in London, United
Kingdom. Its operation can be seen across 85 countries over 6 geographical areas, including Europe, Hong Kong, Rest of
Asia-Pacific, Latin America, North America, and The Middle-East. With the network of over 7200 branches, employing
around 120000 people, HSBC now serves the financial needs of approximately 58 million customers globally. As in 2012,
HSBC is the worlds largest bank and 6
th
largest public listed company worldwide.
Its services can be divided into 4 main sectors: Retail Banking & Wealth Management, Commercial Banking, Global
Banking & Markets and Global Private Banking. HSBC has a long list of customers, ranging from individuals and families,
to big international corporations. Its services are famous for being affordable and easy to access, some of them are
recognized throughout the world, such as HSBC Premier, Global Banking, Insurance & Investment.
HSBC is considered as one of the most stable banks in the world during after the global financial crisis. In the future, HSBC
commits to maintain sustainable and consistent growth, as well as building long-term relationships with its customers.
Bài số 3: ( bài test của cô PL cho buổi cuối nhé)
Founded in 1695, The Bank of Scotland (BS) is one of the oldest and still-existing commercial bank in the world. Its the
second bank in Scotland allowed to print banknotes together with The Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS). Its activities can be
seen all over the world, from traditional markets in the Americas and European continent, to rapidly developing markets in
Asia and the Middle East. Millions of customers access Bank of Scotlands financial services every day through a network
of over 5000 branches located globally.
Despite being headquartered in UK, Bank of Scotland doesnt perform many banking activities here. Under the command of
Chairman Sir Win Bischoff, and CFO Antonio Horta Osorio, Bank of Scotland are trying to maintain its position as one of
the largest bank in the world. The list of customers of BS ranges from individual customers and families to wealthy people,
as well as big and international organizations. Thats why Bank of Scotland decides to divide its financial services into 4
main categories: Retail Banking, Commercial Banking, Private Banking, and General Insurance.
Bank of Scotland, although suffered heavy loss during and after global financial crisis, is still performing well and showing
signs of recovery because of good business strategies. Its plans for the future are very obvious: heading to slow but stable
development, as well as building long-term and strong relationships with customers.
1. Retail bank is a type of bank which provides services to individual customer such as personal loans, standing order(SO), debit
card, credit card,
2. Investment bank is a type of bank which assists large, international companies in raising capital from market.
3. Buiding society is savings bank or mutual or mortgage bank where every customer who has an account is an owner and
member of the society.
4. Supermarket bank is type of the bank which provides financial services for their customers who visit them regurlary.
5. Commercial bank is a type of bank which mostly focus on small or medium sized business , provide a range of accounts for
managing a company s cash flow, as well as overdraft facilities, loans, and specialist forms of finance, such as factoring and
leasing.
6. Internet bank is a type of bank which have no branches and only exist on the internet ( offer banking services to individuals
only the internet).
7. A public company is a limited liability company that offers it securities for sale to the general public, typically through a
stock exchange.
8. A stock index: a type of index represents the market value of a group of companies.
9. Stock market is the place where shares are traded and the business raise more capital.
10. PIN: is the secret numbers that only the customer knows and it has been keyed in whenever he wants to use ATM.
11. Right issue means issuing more new shares.
12. Underwrite securities: when an investment bank helps a business with IPO, it also promise to buy all shares not sold to
investor.
13. IPO( stand for: initial public offering): the act of a company selling its
14. Shareholder is a person who has right to vote at the annual company meeting (AGM)
15. Primary market: is the registration of the companys share.
16. Secondary market where securities are traded after initially offered in the primary market.
17. Market capitaliazation is the total value of the issued shares of a policy traded company.
18. Turnover: the total amount of goods or services sold by a company during a particular period of time.
19. Revenue: the total amount of money that a company receives from selling its products or services.
20. A dividend is a payment made by a company to its shareholders, usually is as a distribution of profits.
21. Mortgage : is a mount of money which is lent to buy property
22. A loan officer is a person work in a bank and respond to customers who want to borrow money.
23. Analyst is a person whose job involes examining information about particular companies market,.in order to judge their
value.
24. Accountant is a person whose job is to keep or check financial accounts
25. Auditor is a person who official examines the business and financial records of a company
26. External audit: an examination of a companys financial accounts that is done by another company to check that they true
and correct.
27. Bookeeping is the recording of financial transactions include purchases, sales, receipts and payment by an individual or
organization.
28. Accountancy is the production of financial records about an organization. Accountancy generally produces financial
statements that show in money terms the economic resources under the control of management, selecting information that is
relevant and representing it faithflully.
29. Accounting standards: official the rules that define that way in which amounts must be recored in a companys financial
records.
30. Tax is money that you have to pay the government so that it can pay for public services. People pay tax according to their
income and businesses pay tax according to their profits. Tax is also often paid on goods and services.
31. Management account is a account which is prepared monthly, weekly (in a big company), isnt published outside the
company, provide information for controlling the business, give an up-to-date statement of the companys current financial
trading.
32. Statutory financial account is a account which is prepared annually, is published for regulator, shareholders to inspect,
include: balance sheet, income statement, cashflow statement
33. Credit limit: the amount of money a bank is prepared to lend to a custormer
34. Credit history : a history of the clients previous and current borrowings and repayments.
35. Cross-selling: selling extra services to custormers in addition to what they already use.
36. Loan schedule: a time table showing the amount of interest to be paid each month and conditions for repayment of the loan.
37. Credit check: a bank will investigate a clients previous borrowings and current debt before agreeing to provide any new
loans.
38. Bull : someone who buys shares because they expect share prices to rise.
39. Bear: someone who sell shares because they expect share prices to fall.
40. Toxic assets: is a popular term for certain financial assets whose value has fallen significantly and for which there is no longer
a functioning market, so that such assets cant be sold at price satisfactory to the holder.
41. A credit crunch (also known as a credit squeeze or credit crisis) is a reduction in the general availability of loans (or credit)
or a sudden tightening of the conditions required to obtain a loanfrom the banks.
42. Secured loan: a loan agreement which gives the bank the right to take certain property from the borrower if the loan isnt paid
back.
43. Unsecured loan: a loan agreement in which there isnt security.
44. Tailored products : products that are made or adapted to suit the needs of a particular person.
45. Working capital: the money, stocks of goods, ect. That a company uses for its daily business activities, calculated as a current
assets minus current liabilities.
46. Consistency: the quality of always behaving in the same way or of having the same standards, opinion.
47. Prudent: its estimate of the value of things it own
48. Going concern: the directors must believe that the company has enough money to continue trading next year.
49. Balance sheet: a written statement of a companys financial situation that lists its assets and its liabilities.
50. Income statement: a list that shows the different a mounts of money that a company has earned and spent during a particular
period, and the total profit or loss that it has made.
51. Ethical standards: rules of behaviuor that are morally acceptale.
52. Return: the amount of profit that you get from an investment.
53. Tax avoidance: ways of paying only the smallest amount of tax that you legally have to.
54. Sign off: to give your formal approval to something by signing your name
55. Qualified opinion: used to show that an audit is limited or incomplete because of a lack of information.
56. sales ledger is a book which records sales transactions into accounting accounts
English for Finance II Revision
Part 2: Grammar & Writing.
Section 1: Grammar:
I. Phần điền từ vào chỗ trống không cho trước từ hoặc không có gợi ý: Mánh của t khi làm phần này là: cố gắng đừng nghĩ những từ
quá phức tạp. Hầu hết các từ khuyết thiếu trong bài đều ở dạng giới từ, động từ to be, hoặc nếu khác 2 loại này thì các bạn cũng có
thể tự suy ra được từ những dữ kiện trong bài.
II. Phần T/F: cái này thì các bạn phải nắm vững các định nghĩa đã học. Với tiếng Anh học thuật như học phần này, thì hầu hết các lỗi
sai nằm ở nội dung, chứ ít nằm ở ngữ pháp. Tất nhiên nếu nó nằm ở ngữ pháp thì quá sung sướng, không còn gì để nói :))
III. Phần viết lại câu với nghĩa không đổi: Do thời gian có hạn nên t ko đề cập lại các cấu trúc ngữ pháp nữa. Tuy nhiên phần này là
phần đánh giá đúng nhất năng lực ngữ pháp của sinh viên, nên mong các bạn chưa làm được phần này về học lại ngữ pháp cho chắc.
Mặc dù không học tiếng Anh nữa nhưng sau này các bạn vẫn sẽ cần nó đấy
III. Phần nối từ với định nghĩa và trắc nghiệm: cái này phụ thuộc hoàn toàn vào mức độ thuộc bài và nắm kiến thức của bạn tốt đến
đâu. Nên chịu khó học định nghĩa nhé
IV. Phần điền dạng từ: Đối với phần này thì t có mấy bước như sau để các bạn xem xét thử dùng nhé:
a) Xem xét dạng từ: các bạn phải xem xem từ trong ngoặc là ở dạng gì (danh, động,tính hay trạng từ?) và từ mình cần điền là dạng gì
(danh, động, tính hay trạng từ ?). Từ đó mà có cách thêm bớt từ phù hợp.
Vd: nếu sau động từ to be (is, are, was) thì chỉ có thể điền danh từ, hoặc tính từ
– Sau tên riêng, danh từ thì chỉ có thể điền động từ.
– Sau động từ thì chỉ có thể điền trạng từ , vv
– Trước động từ có thể là trạng từ hoặc danh từ
– Trước danh từ có thể là tính từ.
– Trước tính từ chỉ có thể là trạng từ.
– Từ đứng đôc lập, phân cách với phần còn lại của câu = dấu phẩy thì là trạng từ, hoặc danh từ riêng.
b) Đối với động từ: phải xem xem có cần chia động từ theo thì hay không? Với danh từ, phải xem nó có ở số nhiều hay không? Với
tính từ: phải xem nó có cần đảo nghĩa hay không?
c) Thường thì khi làm bài này, chúng ta thường có 2 phương án: 1 là thêm, 2 là bớt. Thêm có nghĩa là ghép các tiền tố (prefixes) hoặc
hậu tố (suffixes) vào từ cũ để ra từ mới. Bớt cũng là bớt các tiền tố hoặc hậu tố như trên để ra từ mới.
Các prefixes chúng ta hay gặp gồm ( t chỉ liệt kê những gì sẽ xuất hiện trong bài kiểm tra thôi, còn nếu bạn nào nghiên cứu kĩ thì
google là ra):
1. un-, im- , il- , in- , ir- : Tiền tố đảo nghĩa (sử dụng để tạo tính từ)
2. en- : tiền tố mang nghĩa làm, thực hiện (sử dụng để tạo động từ)
vd: rich enrich ( làm giàu); courage encourage ( khuyến khích)
3. dis- : tiền tố đảo nghĩa, hoặc gỡ bỏ ( dùng để tạo động từ, tính từ hoặc danh từ đều được)
4. over- : làm gì quá mức
5. under- : làm gì quá nhẹ hoặc dưới mức bình thường
Các suffixes chúng ta hay gặp chia làm 2 loại: Inflectional suffixes (hiểu nôm na là hậu tố chia động từ,danh từ hoặc hậu tố so sánh
hơn, so sánh nhất ) và Derivational suffixes( hậu tố chuyển dạng từ):
Về inflectional suffixes t sẽ không đề cập nữa, cái này quá đơn giản rồi.
Các Derivational suffixes chúng t hay gặp gồm:
1. ation, -sion, -ment, -ness, -ary, -y: các hậu tố tạo danh từ với nghĩa sự hoặc cái/đồ
vd: create creation: sự sáng tạo
careful carefulness: sự cẩn thận
2. er, -or, -ant, -cian, -or: các hậu tổ tạo danh từ với nghĩa chỉ người.
vd: play player
audit auditor ,
3. al: hậu tố tạo tính từ, với nghĩa thuộc về
vd: finance financial: thuộc về tài chính
4. ous, -ive, -y: hậu tố tạo tính từ với nghĩa mô tả.
5. able: hậu tố tạo tính từ với nghĩa có thể làm được
6. ful, -less: hậu tố tạo tính từ với nghĩa đủ, thiếu
7. ize: hậu tố tạo động từ, với nghĩa hóa
vd: private privatize: tư nhân hóa.
8. ing: hậu tố tạo danh từ (chính xác thì là danh động từ)
Cách sử dụng các tiền-hậu tố này rất phức tạp, tùy thuộc vào mức độ học từ của bạn đến đâu. Lời khuyên của t là: khi học từ thì hãy
tìm hiểu cả những anh em của nó, bạn sẽ tự rút ra được quy tắc đổi từ của riêng mình.
Section 2: Writing
Phần này thì theo giới hạn thi cử thì chỉ cần viết bank profile theo văn phong báo cáo. Nên t sẽ cung cấp các cấu trúc cần thiết để các
bạn có thể làm ổn phần này:
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